Biofuels lead growth in U.S. biomass energy

The use of energy from biomass resources in the United States grew more than 60% over the decade between 2002 and 2013 -- primarily in the form of increased use of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel that are produced from biomass.


A fuel pump displays prices for gasoline blended with up to 10% ethanol.

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, biomass accounted for about half of all renewable energy consumed in 2013 and 5% of total U.S. energy consumed. The three primary sources of this biomass are wood and forest products byproducts, waste including municipal solid waste and landfill gas, and raw organic feedstocks like corn and soybean oil used to produce biofuels.

Of biomass energy resources, biofuels experienced the greatest growth over the last decade. From 2002 to 2013, biofuels created from biomass grew more than 500%, driven largely by increases in U.S. production of ethanol and biodiesel for blending as transportation fuels. These biofuels are typically produced from feedstocks such as agricultural crops and other plant material, animal byproducts, and recycled waste. For U.S. ethanol production, corn is the dominant feedstock, while biodiesel producers rely on soybean oil for just over half of feedstock needs and an array of biomass resources for the rest. Market demand for these biofuels comes in part from federal mandates such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Renewable Fuel Standard, which requires the blending of certain volumes of biofuels into gasoline and diesel.

Meanwhile, EIA data shows that consumption of wood and waste energy increased just 4% over the decade. About two-thirds of U.S. wood energy is consumed for industrial processes, while nearly all U.S. waste energy is consumed for electric generation or industrial processes.

If this trend continues, woody biomass and waste energy will continue to hold their positions in our portfolio of energy resources, while continued growth in the conversion of biomass into biofuels for transportation and other needs will increase biofuels' weighting in the nation's energy mix.  At the same time, debates continue over the cost and value of programs encouraging the growth of corn as a biofuel feedstock.  What does the future hold for biomass in the U.S.?

Electricity and Super Bowl XLVIII: Will the lights stay on?

Fans will soon pack MetLife Stadium for Super Bowl XLVII.  The National Football League's 2013-2014 season championship game will be held on February 2 at 6:30 PM (Eastern). Following the power outage during last year's Super Bowl, organizers of this year's event are taking extra precautions to avoid disruptions to the East Rutherford, New Jersey stadium's electricity supply.  At the same time, organizers are promoting the environmental aspects of the power supply for this year's game.

During Super Bowl XLVII at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, a power outage moments after the beginning of the second half of play caused many of the stadium lights and systems to go dark.  Between restoring power supply, rebooting computer systems, and letting stadium lighting cool and return to full power, it took 34 minutes for play to resume.  Subsequent investigation revealed that the outage occurred when load-monitoring equipment had opened a breaker after detecting an abnormality in the system.

Organizers hope this year's championship is free from such disruption.  MetLife Stadium and the rest of the Meadowlands Sports Complex is served by utility Public Service Electric & Gas Co. or PSE&G.  Two power lines feed into the substation serving the complex, and on-site generators add additional capacity.  PSE&G has been reported as expecting the game to draw as much as 20 megawatts of power, and the utility, NFL, and stadium owner have collaborated on measures and testing to ensure continuity of service during the big game.

Meanwhile, PSE&G's parent PSEG has partnered with the NFL Environmental Program to source renewable energy for the game.  PSEG has agreed to purchase and retire a renewable energy credit, or REC, for every megawatt-hour of electricity used at the stadium, the AFC and NFC team hotels, and Super Bowl in Times Square.  240 solar RECs are slated to come from PSE&G's nearby 3-megawatt Kearny solar farm, as well as 5,700 additional RECs from the 7.5-megawatt Jersey Atlantic Wind Farm near Atlantic City.

Beyond electricity, event organizers have committed that all the waste oil generated from food production during the game will be processed into biodiesel fuel by Tri-State Biodiesel, and that all other food waste will be composted.

Presumably, most fans' attention will be focused on the game.  Will the organizers' measures prevent power outages in an environmentally friendly manner?

Energy implications of fiscal cliff deal

Congress enacted the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 on January 1, 2013.  The bill's primary purpose was to stave off the so-called fiscal cliff by extending tax cuts and unemployment benefits.  The bill also included a variety of energy-related provisions, including extensions of tax credits for producers of biofuels and renewable electricity.  These policies will shape business activity in 2013.

The most prominent energy provisions in the act extend and modify incentives for producing renewable electricity.  One extended the production tax credit for wind.  The production tax credit is worth 2.2 cents per kilowatt hour of electricity produced for a 10-year period from a wind facility.  While the production tax credit had previously been available only to wind facilities placed-in-service by the end of 2012, the new legislation extends the credit to any facility that begins construction before the end of 2013 to claim the 10-year credit.  This provision is estimated to have a net of cost $12.109 billion over ten years but was seen by some as essential to continued investment in renewable energy facilities.  A parallel provision extended the investment tax credit in lieu of production tax credit, which gives a tax credit equal to 30 percent of eligible investment in renewable facilities in the year that the facility is placed-in-service. Facilities must begin construction by the end of 2013.  This provision is estimated to cost $135 million over ten years, suggesting Congress thinks the investment tax credit will be applied to about $450,000,000 in qualified investments.

Other provisions extended credits for energy-efficient improvements to existing homes, plug-in electric vehicles and alternative vehicle refueling property, producing cellulosic bifuel, biodiesel and renewable diesel.

The extension of the renewable electricity credits will stimulate growth in an industry that has suffered from uncertainty over their renewal.  Their previously-scheduled 2012 end led to a rush of construction to enable projects to qualify for the tax credits, but fewer new projects were announced in 2012 as they appeared unable to be placed in service before the deadline.  The credits' renewal will likely lead to a similar scramble to complete at least some construction financing and begin construction in 2013.  This in turn may mean busy caseloads for state environmental and energy permitting authorities, as developers pursue permits to enable construction to begin this year.  Projects able to start construction in 2013 will be eligible for either the production tax credit or the investment tax credit, even if construction takes several years.  This feature may help offshore wind and other projects with long construction times, if they can get the permits to start work this year.

Biofuels power first commercial airline flight

Today marks the first U.S. commercial airline flight powered by biofuels.  United Airlines has selected a Boeing 737-800 for the route from Houston to Chicago.  The plane will be powered by Solajet, a fuel blend of 60 percent petroleum-based jet fuel and 40 percent biofuel produced by California-based algae producer Solazyme.


Biofuels appear poised to play an increasing role in the transportation sector.  Biofuels have traditionally included liquid fuels like ethanol (derived from corn or cellulosic sources) and biodiesel.  Biofuels typically rely on plants or algae to convert solar energy into chemicals that can be refined and modified to produce usable fuels.  The wood (biomass) burned in hearths and stoves around the world represents a very basic biofuel, but today's advanced biofuels can involve significantly more technology.  The U.S. Department of Energy is funding research and development efforts to produce "drop-in biofuels", which can be  used as additives or even replacements for liquid fuels like gasoline, diesel and jet fuels -- without requiring consumers or distributors to modify their engines and fuel distribution networks.

United Airlines is not the only carrier to take its biofuels experimentation live this week.  On Wednesday, Alaska Airlines will fly two commercial flights from its bases in Seattle and Portland, Oregon, to Washington, D.C.  Alaska Airlines' jets will be powered by a fuel blend composed of 20% biofuels from used cooking oil.  Alaska Airlines chose Dynamic Fuels as its supplier; Dynamic Fuels is a joint venture between food product giant Tyson Foods and synthetic fuel producer Syntroleum.

November 11, 2010 - Veterans Day, and US military energy

Happy Veterans Day.  In honor of the day, let's peek at what the US military is doing on one energy issue: preparing for changes in fuel availability.

[Photo: a reminder of summer, Monhegan Island, Maine.]

Did you know that this year, the US Navy successfully completed tests in Norfolk on a 49 foot-long riverine command boat powered by a 50/50 mix of diesel and algae-derived biodiesel?  In the wake of this spring's Joint Operating Environment report noting possible future scarcity of oil (as in "peak oil"), the military is predicting that it may need to have assets that can run on a variety of fuels.  This spring's report predicted the possibility that the the world's surplus oil production capacity might be sucked up within two years, resulting in a potential excess demand of nearly 10,000,000 barrels a day within the next five years.  In addition to ships, the Navy's interest in adding flexible fuel capacity has also led to biofuels and coal-derived synthetic fuels to power jet engines as well.

Military applications add a national security aspect onto the basic arguments in favor of biofuels as part of a fuel portfolio.  While initial algae-derived biofuels delivered to the military were relatively expensive (reportedly $424 per gallon), the price has already fallen significantly as production capacity responds to the increased demand.  Will the predictions in the Joint Operating Environment report come true?  If so, being able to run on a variety of more cost-effective fuels including biofuels may prove invaluable.

August 31, 2010 - dam removal; biodiesel

Seen on the road: this soda distribution truck is "powered by BIODIESEL".

I'm following the dam removal projects on the Elwha River on the Olympics Peninsula in Washington.  One component of the $351 million river restoration project is the removal of two dams for about $40 million to $60 million: Elwha Dam (108' tall) and Glines Canyon Dam (210' tall).  Glines Canyon Dam is located within the boundaries of Olympic National Park.  This will be the nation's largest dam removal project to date.

Here's the National Park Service's website about the Elwha River Restoration project.


Dam removal is a hot topic.  Arguments in favor of dam removal typically include safety, fish passage, and water quality problems caused by some dams.  On the other side, arguments for keeping dams in place include mandates to generate local renewable power and flood control.