The New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee has unanimously voted to deny an application to develop a major new electric transmission line across that state, according to an article in the Union Leader. According to that article, the Committee felt the Northern Pass Transmission developer had not satisfied its burden under state law to show that the line's development would not
“unduly interfere with the orderly development of the region.”
Northern Pass Transmission, LLC has proposed a 192-mile transmission line project capable of bringing 1,090 megawatts of power into New England. The project includes a new
direct
current (DC) transmission line from the Canadian border to a new converter terminal to be built in Franklin, New Hampshire, as well as a new AC transmission line connecting to the existing grid at a substation in Deerfield.
To develop the project, the developer needs approval from the New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee in the form of a Certificate of Site and Facility. Northern Pass applied to the SEC for a certificate in 2015; the case before the Committee has been ongoing since then, with extensive testimony and hearings held last month.
Successful project development involves not just securing all required permits, but also finding or creating suitable commercial arrangements. While the project's siting application was pending, the project won some commercial success last week, when a group of Massachusetts utilities seeking to jointly procure clean electricity selected a Northern Pass-affiliated proposal to supply about 9,450,000
megawatt-hours per year from Canada. After reviewing over 40 bids, the bid committee selected the "Northern Pass Transmission, Hydro" option for negotiation of a final long-term power sales agreement under the state's Section 83D clean energy contracting program.
Today's decision by the New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee relates directly to siting, not to commercial matters. The developer may be able to challenge the Committee's permitting decision. In the meantime, could the SEC decision affect the Northern Pass project's commercial fate? According to the Massachusetts 83D website, "If the bid selected to advance to contract negotiation at this stage
does not successfully negotiate contracts, it may result in other bid(s)
being selected to advance to contract negotiations." If the lack of SEC approval (for now) means Northern Pass does not successfully negotiate contracts with the Massachusetts utilities, it could open the door for other 83D bidders to move forward.
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Showing posts with label HVDC. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HVDC. Show all posts
Northern Pass Transmission public utility status
Thursday, October 27, 2016
New Hampshire utility regulators have issued an order conditionally authorizing Northern Pass Transmission LLC to operate as a public utility, with respect to its proposed 192-mile, high-voltage electric
transmission line from Canada into New Hampshire. The New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission's Order No. 25,953 approves a settlement agreement between the transmission line developer and Commission staff. Among its conditions are requirements that NPT obtain all necessary permits, contribute $20 million over 10 years to support energy efficiency and
clean energy initiatives, and hold New Hampshire
electric
ratepayers
harmless from costs associated with the possible
regional allocation
of
costs for
a
portion of
the
Northern Pass
transmission
line.
Proposed by two companies affiliated under the Eversource family -- Northern Pass Transmission LLC and Public Service Company of New Hampshire d/b/a Eversource Energy -- the Northern Pass line would include new direct current transmission lines and an AC-DC converter station. A variety of federal and state approvals are required for the line's development, including certification of site and facility by the state Site Evaluation Commission, plus several approvals from the Public Utilities Commission.
NPT secured one of those approvals this month, in the form of Public Utilities Commission Order No. 25,953, which conditionally authorizes NPT to operate as a public utilities in municipalities along its route. In the Order, the Commission found "that NPT has the necessary technical, managerial, and financial expertise to operate as a public utility."
The Commission next found that the terms and conditions of a settlement agreement between Commission staff and NPT "ensure that granting NPT authority to commence business as a public utility is for the public good."
Meanwhile, NPT continues to pursue other approvals, such as PUC approval for crossings of public waters, and the SEC certificate of site and facility itself.
Proposed by two companies affiliated under the Eversource family -- Northern Pass Transmission LLC and Public Service Company of New Hampshire d/b/a Eversource Energy -- the Northern Pass line would include new direct current transmission lines and an AC-DC converter station. A variety of federal and state approvals are required for the line's development, including certification of site and facility by the state Site Evaluation Commission, plus several approvals from the Public Utilities Commission.
NPT secured one of those approvals this month, in the form of Public Utilities Commission Order No. 25,953, which conditionally authorizes NPT to operate as a public utilities in municipalities along its route. In the Order, the Commission found "that NPT has the necessary technical, managerial, and financial expertise to operate as a public utility."
The Commission next found that the terms and conditions of a settlement agreement between Commission staff and NPT "ensure that granting NPT authority to commence business as a public utility is for the public good."
- First, the Commission noted public benefit, in the form of transparency, from the fact that the settlement recites a list of applicable statutes and rules.
- Second, the settlement called for a $20 million public interest payment, to be paid in installments of $2 million per year over the first 10 years of the operation of the Northern Pass Project; the Commission noted that this payment "will benefit customers by allowing the Commission to direct the use of this payment to energy efficiency programs and clean energy projects under its supervision."
- Third, the Commission noted that its grant of public utility status is conditioned on NPT procuring all necessary approvals for the Northern Pass Project, including obtaining a certificate of site and facility from the SEC.
- Finally, the Commission noted a provision in the settlement that "NPT must hold New Hampshire electric ratepayers harmless from costs associated with the possible regional allocation of costs for a portion of the Northern Pass transmission line." The Commission expressed a belief "that the rate treatment provision applicable to the DC portion of the line could constitute a significant benefit to ratepayers in the event the ISO-NE designates this portion as eligible for regional cost recovery.
Meanwhile, NPT continues to pursue other approvals, such as PUC approval for crossings of public waters, and the SEC certificate of site and facility itself.
Northern Pass files with NH SEC
Wednesday, October 21, 2015
The developer of the Northern Pass Transmission Project, a proposed high-voltage transmission line from Canada into New Hampshire, filed a formal application to New Hampshire regulators this week.
First proposed in 2009, the Northern Pass project would include about 190 miles of new direct current transmission lines and an AC-DC converter station. Collectively, the project would be capable of importing over 1,000 megawatts of power from Canada into the New England electric grid. Its formal sponsors are two companies affiliated under the Eversource family: Northern Pass Transmission LLC and Public Service Company of New Hampshire d/b/a Eversource Energy.
Early versions of proposal drew criticism and controversy over issues including siting, visual impacts, the potential use of eminent domain, and impacts to domestic renewable energy production. After a series of public information meetings and other dialogue, Eversource released a revised route and plan in August 2015.
On October 19, Eversource announced that it had filed a formal application to the New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee. The Northern Pass Transmission application to the SEC is available on the project's website. It describes a project cost estimate of $1.6 billion, and a capacity of 1,090 megawatts.
The SEC was established by the state legislature for the review, approval, monitoring and enforcement of compliance in the planning, siting, construction and operation of energy facilities. It includes members from the Public Utilities Commission, cabinet level commissioners, and two members of the public. The SEC has jurisdiction to review applications for siting and construction of large-scale energy facilities and to issue a Certificate of Site and Facility enabling a project's development. The process before the SEC is likely to play out through 2016.
First proposed in 2009, the Northern Pass project would include about 190 miles of new direct current transmission lines and an AC-DC converter station. Collectively, the project would be capable of importing over 1,000 megawatts of power from Canada into the New England electric grid. Its formal sponsors are two companies affiliated under the Eversource family: Northern Pass Transmission LLC and Public Service Company of New Hampshire d/b/a Eversource Energy.
Early versions of proposal drew criticism and controversy over issues including siting, visual impacts, the potential use of eminent domain, and impacts to domestic renewable energy production. After a series of public information meetings and other dialogue, Eversource released a revised route and plan in August 2015.
On October 19, Eversource announced that it had filed a formal application to the New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee. The Northern Pass Transmission application to the SEC is available on the project's website. It describes a project cost estimate of $1.6 billion, and a capacity of 1,090 megawatts.
The SEC was established by the state legislature for the review, approval, monitoring and enforcement of compliance in the planning, siting, construction and operation of energy facilities. It includes members from the Public Utilities Commission, cabinet level commissioners, and two members of the public. The SEC has jurisdiction to review applications for siting and construction of large-scale energy facilities and to issue a Certificate of Site and Facility enabling a project's development. The process before the SEC is likely to play out through 2016.
Northern Pass proposes new transmission plan
Monday, August 24, 2015
The developer of a proposed $1.4 billion electric transmission line connecting Quebec to New Hampshire has released a revised route for the project, following public opposition to earlier plans. The new vision for the Northern Pass project would bury more of the line underground and reduce the project's overall capacity to haul power. Will this version of the Northern Pass gain more traction?
First proposed in 2009, the Northern Pass would be a 192-mile high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line. It would bring up to 1,000 megawatts of power from Canadian power plants into New England, running from the Canadian border to a proposed converter terminal in Franklin, New Hampshire. From there, a new alternating current (AC) transmission line would deliver the energy to New England’s electric grid at an existing substation in Deerfield, New Hampshire.
Since it was first proposed, the Northern Pass route has drawn criticism; the project was delayed, and despite revisions to the route public opposition remained. Throughout the process, many comments have focused on local siting impacts, like the effect of above-ground transmission lines and poles through Franconia Notch State Park, the White Mountain National Forest, and the Appalachian Trail. Eversource proposed running 8 miles of cable underground to reduce these impacts, but argued that undergrounding more would make the project too expensive.
But the forces motivating the Northern Pass project and other proposed HVDC lines from Canada remain strong: demand in New England and New York for electricity, and in particular for hydropower and other renewable electricity imported from Canada.
On August 18, project lead Eversource Energy announced changes to the route and scope of the project. While the previous vision included 8 miles of underground cable to avoid visual impacts, the so-called "Forward New Hampshire Plan" now includes 60 miles of underground cable. Eversource described its revised route as striking "a balance between New Hampshire and our region’s need for a reliable new energy source and avoiding potential impacts to the state’s scenic landscapes." At the same time, the revised proposal reduces the line's capacity from 1,200 megawatts to 1,000 megawatts, ostensibly to hold total costs at the previously estimated $1.4 billion. The plan now includes $200 million to establish the "Forward NH Fund", a pool of money designed to support clean energy innovations, economic development, community investment, and tourism.
The Northern Pass project now faces public hearings. Eversource is expected to file an application for site review with the New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee in mid-October.
First proposed in 2009, the Northern Pass would be a 192-mile high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission line. It would bring up to 1,000 megawatts of power from Canadian power plants into New England, running from the Canadian border to a proposed converter terminal in Franklin, New Hampshire. From there, a new alternating current (AC) transmission line would deliver the energy to New England’s electric grid at an existing substation in Deerfield, New Hampshire.
Since it was first proposed, the Northern Pass route has drawn criticism; the project was delayed, and despite revisions to the route public opposition remained. Throughout the process, many comments have focused on local siting impacts, like the effect of above-ground transmission lines and poles through Franconia Notch State Park, the White Mountain National Forest, and the Appalachian Trail. Eversource proposed running 8 miles of cable underground to reduce these impacts, but argued that undergrounding more would make the project too expensive.
But the forces motivating the Northern Pass project and other proposed HVDC lines from Canada remain strong: demand in New England and New York for electricity, and in particular for hydropower and other renewable electricity imported from Canada.
On August 18, project lead Eversource Energy announced changes to the route and scope of the project. While the previous vision included 8 miles of underground cable to avoid visual impacts, the so-called "Forward New Hampshire Plan" now includes 60 miles of underground cable. Eversource described its revised route as striking "a balance between New Hampshire and our region’s need for a reliable new energy source and avoiding potential impacts to the state’s scenic landscapes." At the same time, the revised proposal reduces the line's capacity from 1,200 megawatts to 1,000 megawatts, ostensibly to hold total costs at the previously estimated $1.4 billion. The plan now includes $200 million to establish the "Forward NH Fund", a pool of money designed to support clean energy innovations, economic development, community investment, and tourism.
The Northern Pass project now faces public hearings. Eversource is expected to file an application for site review with the New Hampshire Site Evaluation Committee in mid-October.
Transmission line for Canadian imports advances
Tuesday, June 9, 2015
A proposed high-voltage direct current transmission line designed to import Canadian power into the New England grid has received a favorable environmental recommendation from the U.S. Department of Energy.
The New England Clean Power Link is a high-voltage, direct-current transmission project proposed by TDI New England, a subsidiary of private transmission developer Transmission Developers Inc. and ultimately part of the Blackstone Group.
Designed to feed the New England market with up to 1,000 megawatts of electricity, the proposed $1.2 billion New England Clean Power Link project would feature two parallel cables approximately 5” in diameter, operating at a voltage of approximately 300 to 320 kV. These HVDC lines would run about 154 miles. Originating at a DC converter station in Quebec, the U.S. portion of the line would start at the international border in Alburgh, Vermont. It would run beneath the bottom sediments of Lake Champlain for about 98 miles, then turn east and run over land (but underground, mostly under roadway rights-of-way and railway beds) to a terminal converter station in Ludlow, Vermont, where the power could flow onto the New England grid.
Federal law requires most infrastructure development for international trade in energy to apply for and receive a Presidential Permit before the project may be built. TDI New England applied for the presidential permit in May 2014, and applied to the state of Vermont for permits in December 2014.
As part of the Presidential Permit process, the federal National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA requires the U.S. Department of Energy to evaluate the potential environmental impacts in the United Statesof the proposed action and the range of reasonable alternatives. In this case, the proposed federal action is the issuance of a Presidential permit to the applicant, Champlain VT, LLC, doing business as TDI - New England, to construct, operate, maintain, and connect a new electric transmission line across the U.S.-Canada border in northern Vermont.
On June 3, the Department of Energy released its final draft Environmental Impact Statement or EIS for the New England Clean Power Link. In that document, the Department found relatively minimal and short-term adverse environmental impacts from project construction, operation and maintenance.
Once notice of the draft EIS is published in the Federal Register, the public will have 60 days to comment on its analysis. The Department will also hold public informational meetings in Vermont regarding the project. According to the EIS, TDI New England expects permitting will continue through mid-2016, with construction and in-service dates as early as 2018 and 2019 respectively.
Meanwhile, TDI is simultaneously pursuing other HVDC transmission lines from Canada into the Northeastern US, most notably the Champlain-Hudson Power Express -- another HVDC line beneath Lake Champlain but continuing on overland and under the Hudson River to a converter station in New York City. The Champlain-Hudson Power Express won a Presidential Permit in 2014.
The New England Clean Power Link is a high-voltage, direct-current transmission project proposed by TDI New England, a subsidiary of private transmission developer Transmission Developers Inc. and ultimately part of the Blackstone Group.
Designed to feed the New England market with up to 1,000 megawatts of electricity, the proposed $1.2 billion New England Clean Power Link project would feature two parallel cables approximately 5” in diameter, operating at a voltage of approximately 300 to 320 kV. These HVDC lines would run about 154 miles. Originating at a DC converter station in Quebec, the U.S. portion of the line would start at the international border in Alburgh, Vermont. It would run beneath the bottom sediments of Lake Champlain for about 98 miles, then turn east and run over land (but underground, mostly under roadway rights-of-way and railway beds) to a terminal converter station in Ludlow, Vermont, where the power could flow onto the New England grid.
Federal law requires most infrastructure development for international trade in energy to apply for and receive a Presidential Permit before the project may be built. TDI New England applied for the presidential permit in May 2014, and applied to the state of Vermont for permits in December 2014.
As part of the Presidential Permit process, the federal National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA requires the U.S. Department of Energy to evaluate the potential environmental impacts in the United Statesof the proposed action and the range of reasonable alternatives. In this case, the proposed federal action is the issuance of a Presidential permit to the applicant, Champlain VT, LLC, doing business as TDI - New England, to construct, operate, maintain, and connect a new electric transmission line across the U.S.-Canada border in northern Vermont.
On June 3, the Department of Energy released its final draft Environmental Impact Statement or EIS for the New England Clean Power Link. In that document, the Department found relatively minimal and short-term adverse environmental impacts from project construction, operation and maintenance.
Once notice of the draft EIS is published in the Federal Register, the public will have 60 days to comment on its analysis. The Department will also hold public informational meetings in Vermont regarding the project. According to the EIS, TDI New England expects permitting will continue through mid-2016, with construction and in-service dates as early as 2018 and 2019 respectively.
Meanwhile, TDI is simultaneously pursuing other HVDC transmission lines from Canada into the Northeastern US, most notably the Champlain-Hudson Power Express -- another HVDC line beneath Lake Champlain but continuing on overland and under the Hudson River to a converter station in New York City. The Champlain-Hudson Power Express won a Presidential Permit in 2014.
Developer applies to VT for Clean Power Link transmission line
Friday, December 12, 2014
A proposed electric transmission line from Quebec into New England took a step forward this week, as the developer of the New England Clean Power Link applied to Vermont regulators for key project approvals.
Transmission Developers Inc. subsidiary TDI New England has proposed the New England Clean Power Link to bring Canadian hydropower and other electricity to the renewable-hungry New England market. With an estimated project cost of $1.2 billion, the 1000-megawatt high-voltage direct-current transmission line would run under Lake Champlain and underground to a converter station in Ludlow, Vermont, near where it would connect to the existing electric grid owned by Vermont Electric Power Company (VELCO).
Under Vermont law, the state Public Service Board regulates many aspects of the electric grid. Section 248 of Title 30 of Vermont's statutes requires companies to obtain approval from the Board before beginning site preparation or construction of electric transmission facilities, electric generation facilities and certain gas pipelines within Vermont. For facilities like the proposed transmission line, that Board approval comes in the form of a Certificate of Public Good.
On December 8, 2014, TDI subsidiary Champlain VT, LLC d/b/a TDI New England applied to the Board for a Certificate of Public Good for the project. TDI's petition notes that the project "would contribute to meeting State and regional energy and sustainability goals and result in millions of tons/year in reduced greenhouse gas emissions by replacing electricity generated by fossil fuels," and that running cables under the lake and underground avoids adverse impacts from above-ground installations. Other benefits touted by TDI include economic development (with about $1.5 billion in claimed economic benefits to Vermont and the entire region over the project's 40-year life), improved electric reliability and fuel diversity, and help in mitigating the impacts of the anticipated loss of the Vermont Yankee nuclear station and other major power plants.
TDI's proposal includes components specifically designed to yield local community benefits and thus to cultivate local support for the project. These components include creating $122 million in funds to improve Lake Champlain's water quality, habitat, and recreational values, plus another $40 million for Vermont's Clean Energy Development Fund.
TDI's project now comes before the Vermont Public Service Board for review. The project also needs a presidential permit issued by the U.S. Department of Energy to cross the international boundary, as well as a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permit for impacts to water resources.
At the same time, another transmission line has been proposed under Lake Champlain, namely the $2.2 billion Champlain Hudson Power Express meant to connect Quebec to New York City.
Transmission Developers Inc. subsidiary TDI New England has proposed the New England Clean Power Link to bring Canadian hydropower and other electricity to the renewable-hungry New England market. With an estimated project cost of $1.2 billion, the 1000-megawatt high-voltage direct-current transmission line would run under Lake Champlain and underground to a converter station in Ludlow, Vermont, near where it would connect to the existing electric grid owned by Vermont Electric Power Company (VELCO).
Under Vermont law, the state Public Service Board regulates many aspects of the electric grid. Section 248 of Title 30 of Vermont's statutes requires companies to obtain approval from the Board before beginning site preparation or construction of electric transmission facilities, electric generation facilities and certain gas pipelines within Vermont. For facilities like the proposed transmission line, that Board approval comes in the form of a Certificate of Public Good.
On December 8, 2014, TDI subsidiary Champlain VT, LLC d/b/a TDI New England applied to the Board for a Certificate of Public Good for the project. TDI's petition notes that the project "would contribute to meeting State and regional energy and sustainability goals and result in millions of tons/year in reduced greenhouse gas emissions by replacing electricity generated by fossil fuels," and that running cables under the lake and underground avoids adverse impacts from above-ground installations. Other benefits touted by TDI include economic development (with about $1.5 billion in claimed economic benefits to Vermont and the entire region over the project's 40-year life), improved electric reliability and fuel diversity, and help in mitigating the impacts of the anticipated loss of the Vermont Yankee nuclear station and other major power plants.
TDI's proposal includes components specifically designed to yield local community benefits and thus to cultivate local support for the project. These components include creating $122 million in funds to improve Lake Champlain's water quality, habitat, and recreational values, plus another $40 million for Vermont's Clean Energy Development Fund.
TDI's project now comes before the Vermont Public Service Board for review. The project also needs a presidential permit issued by the U.S. Department of Energy to cross the international boundary, as well as a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permit for impacts to water resources.
At the same time, another transmission line has been proposed under Lake Champlain, namely the $2.2 billion Champlain Hudson Power Express meant to connect Quebec to New York City.
Feds approve Quebec-to-NY power line
Wednesday, October 1, 2014
A proposed electric transmission line connecting Quebec to New York will receive a key federal approval, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. The Energy Department's decision to issue a Presidential
permit to Champlain Hudson Power Express, Inc. focuses attention on the nation's international trade in electricity, and may suggest increased reliance on power imports.
Pursuant to two Executive Orders -- EO 10485 (September 9, 1953), as amended by EO 12038 (February 7, 1978) -- no electricity transmission facilities may be constructed, operated, maintained, or connected at the U.S. border without first obtaining a Presidential permit from the Department of Energy. In 2010, Champlain Hudson Power Express, Inc. applied to DOE for a Presidential permit to construct, operate, maintain, and connect a 1,000-megawatt (MW), high-voltage direct current (HVDC) merchant electric power transmission system across the U.S./Canada border.
As currently envisioned, the Champlain Hudson Power Express project would cross the U.S./Canada border near the town of Champlain in northeastern New York State. From there, the line would extend southward about 336 miles to the Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Rainey substation in Queens, New York. Notably, the aquatic portions of the transmission line would primarily be buried in sediments of Lake Champlain and the Hudson, Harlem, and East rivers, while the terrestrial portions of the line would be buried within existing roadway and railroad rights-of-way.
The Department may issue or amend a permit if it determines that the permit is in the public interest and after obtaining favorable recommendations from the U.S. Departments of State and Defense. In making this determination, DOE considers factors including the proposed project's potential impacts on the environment and electricity reliability.
In the case of the Champlain Hudson Power Express, the Department of Energy's record of decision states that its decision to grant the Presidential permit was based on "consideration of the potential environmental impacts, impacts on the reliability of the U.S. electric power supply system under normal and contingency conditions, and the favorable recommendations of the U.S. Departments of State and Defense." With the Presidential permit in hand, the project developer will be one step closer to success -- but additional steps remain, including both securing regulatory approvals and completing the commercial arrangements necessary for project development.
If the project is built, New York consumers may soon have increased access to electricity generated from Canadian hydropower and other resources across their northern border. Will the U.S. soon import more power from Canada? If so, how much, and at what cost? How will market forces and regulatory agendas combine to affect Canadian exports of electricity to the U.S.?
Pursuant to two Executive Orders -- EO 10485 (September 9, 1953), as amended by EO 12038 (February 7, 1978) -- no electricity transmission facilities may be constructed, operated, maintained, or connected at the U.S. border without first obtaining a Presidential permit from the Department of Energy. In 2010, Champlain Hudson Power Express, Inc. applied to DOE for a Presidential permit to construct, operate, maintain, and connect a 1,000-megawatt (MW), high-voltage direct current (HVDC) merchant electric power transmission system across the U.S./Canada border.
As currently envisioned, the Champlain Hudson Power Express project would cross the U.S./Canada border near the town of Champlain in northeastern New York State. From there, the line would extend southward about 336 miles to the Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. Rainey substation in Queens, New York. Notably, the aquatic portions of the transmission line would primarily be buried in sediments of Lake Champlain and the Hudson, Harlem, and East rivers, while the terrestrial portions of the line would be buried within existing roadway and railroad rights-of-way.
The Department may issue or amend a permit if it determines that the permit is in the public interest and after obtaining favorable recommendations from the U.S. Departments of State and Defense. In making this determination, DOE considers factors including the proposed project's potential impacts on the environment and electricity reliability.
In the case of the Champlain Hudson Power Express, the Department of Energy's record of decision states that its decision to grant the Presidential permit was based on "consideration of the potential environmental impacts, impacts on the reliability of the U.S. electric power supply system under normal and contingency conditions, and the favorable recommendations of the U.S. Departments of State and Defense." With the Presidential permit in hand, the project developer will be one step closer to success -- but additional steps remain, including both securing regulatory approvals and completing the commercial arrangements necessary for project development.
If the project is built, New York consumers may soon have increased access to electricity generated from Canadian hydropower and other resources across their northern border. Will the U.S. soon import more power from Canada? If so, how much, and at what cost? How will market forces and regulatory agendas combine to affect Canadian exports of electricity to the U.S.?
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